> For the complete documentation index, see [llms.txt](https://truemarkets.gitbook.io/truemarkets/llms.txt). Markdown versions of documentation pages are available by appending `.md` to page URLs; this page is available as [Markdown](https://truemarkets.gitbook.io/truemarkets/disputing-outcomes.md).
# Disputing outcomes
In Truemarkets, disputers are basically the same participants as resolvers. Anyone who disagrees with a proposed outcome, can dispute it during the challenge window after it is proposed.
Disputers play a particularly critical role in Truemarkets, they are the stewards of truth.
Disputers are the first line of defence for the protocol. They prevent manipulation and ensure that the oracle operates orderly.
By posting a bond equal to that of the resolver, anyone can call the `openDispute` function on a resolution-pending market and provide a `_disputeString` containing the reasons for their dispute.
If the challenge is accepted, the disputer's bond is released and they receive a reward for the successful dispute.
Below is an example image of the data in a dispute transaction on etherscan:
There are three stages of arbitration in Truemarkets, with each escalation being prompted by a dispute.
To challenge an initial proposal, a small bond is required. To dispute an Oracle Council decision, a larger bond must be pledged. Finally, in order to dispute a token holder vote, a wallet with at least 250,000 TRUE tokens (or equivalent vote power) must file a dispute.
Below is an illustration with example values:
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